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81.
Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of dietary formic acid on the availability of phosphorus (P) from a fishmeal-based diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared in brackish water (5–6 g L−1 ) was determined. Diets containing a low amount of P (6.0 mg P g−1 dry matter) were acidified with 0, 4 and 10 mL kg−1 formic acid and fed to trout (average weight, 520 g) for 4 weeks. The measured pH of the diets were 6.3, 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The intestinal solubility of P and the digestibility of P were measured by stripping the faecal matter from the fish. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of P significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 69.5% to 75.0% of the basal diet in fish fed diets containing 10 mL kg−1 formic acid. The solubility of P in the intestine was highly variable within each treatment, and the differences were not significant. The pH of intestinal content increased with the increase in dietary formic acid concentration. The ADC of magnesium and calcium also showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase with the acidification of diet by formic acid. 相似文献
82.
83.
潮土长期不同施氮水平对秸秆降解及其细菌群落结构的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
农田过量施氮所引发的问题已经引起广泛关注,但长期施氮后土壤无机氮水平状况及其对秸秆降解的作用尚不清楚。本研究以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期(2005~2018年)施氮肥(5个施氮水平:0(N0)、150(N1)、190(N2)、,230(N3)和270 (N4)kg ha-1 yr-1)的潮土为研究对象,开展短期(50天)的秸秆降解-土壤培育实验。培育期间监测秸秆碳的矿化、土壤无机氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳的动态变化,利用高通量测序测定细菌群落结构。结果表明,长期施氮后,土壤无机氮含量和秸秆碳的矿化率随施氮水平的升高而增加。不同长期施氮水平的土壤细菌群落结构呈现显著差异。网络分析揭示:秸秆降解过程中细菌群落内部物种间的共现模式随长期施氮水平发生改变,具体体现为长期高施氮水平下细菌群落彼此间的负相关得到了加强;同时,变形菌主导地位减弱、酸杆菌主导地位增强。综上,土壤无机氮含量、细菌群落结构及物种之间的关系随着长期施氮水平的不同发生了改变。本研究探究了长期不同施氮水平下土壤中无机氮的水平状况、秸秆降解状况以及秸秆降解过程中土壤细菌的生物特性,以期为秸秆还田和科学施氮提供一定的数据支撑和思路启示。 相似文献
84.
Indaziflam is a preemergent herbicide widely used for the control of weeds in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in the southwestern region of the United States. Given the paucity of data regarding the effect of indaziflam on the biochemical properties of soils supporting pecan production, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different application rates of indaziflam on soil microbial activity, diversity, and biochemical processes related to nitrogen (N) cycling. During two consecutive growing seasons (2015 and 2016), soil samples were obtained from experimental mesocosms consisting of soil-filled pots where pecan saplings were grown and treated with indaziflam applied at two different rates (25 and 50 g active ingredient (ai) ha-1, with the higher rate being slightly lower than the recommended field application rate of 73.1 g ai ha-1). Soil samples were collected approximately one week before and one week after herbicide application for determination of soil microbial biomass and diversity, N mineralization, and β-glucosaminidase activity. Soil samples collected from the control mesocosms without herbicide application were treated in the laboratory with two rates of indaziflam (75 and 150 g ai ha-1) to determine the immediate effect on microbial activity. No significant effect of herbicide treatment on soil respiration and microbial biomass was detected. The results showed a slight to moderate decrease in microbial diversity (7% in 2015 and 44% in 2016). However, decreased β-glucosaminidase activity with herbicide treatment was observed in soils from the mesocosms (33%) and soils treated with indaziflam in the laboratory (45%). The mineral N pool was generally dominated by ammonium after indaziflam application, which was consistent with the drastic decrease (75%) in nitrification activity measured in the laboratory experiment. The results of this study indicate that indaziflam, even when applied at higher than recommended rates, has limited effects on soil microbial activity, but may affect N cycling processes. 相似文献
85.
In trace metal (TM)-contaminated agricultural soils,management of TM availability is important for safe crop production.In addition,maintenance or improvement of soil quality is vital for sustainable crop cultivation.Decreased TM phytoavailability and increased soil quality can be achieved by the application of various immobilizing agents to soil,which can supply both macronutrients and organic matter.This study investigated the long-term influences of four common immobilizing agents on soil biogeochemical properties and the phytoavailability of TMs in mixed metal-contaminated soil from a cultivated upland near an abandoned mining site.Lime (L),gypsum (G),fly ash (F),and animal manure-based compost (C) were applied to pots containing contaminated soil,either individually or in combination.After incubation for three years under sequential cultivation of two crops and fallow,soil biogeochemical properties were determined,and Brassica rapa plant bioassay was performed.The phytoavailability of all TMs (both cationic metals and anionic metalloids) remained significantly lower in soils treated with immobilizing agents even after three years,when compared with the no-agent control (CK) soil.In addition,the soil quality was significantly improved by treatment with immobilizing agents.For instance,the C and L+C treatments were the most effective in improving soil physical (bulk density,porosity,and water-resistant aggregate stability),chemical (pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,cation exchange capacity,and plant-available phosphorus,magnesium,and potassium),and biological (microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity) properties.The improvement of soil properties and lowering of TM bioavailability were also consistent with the most significant increase in B.rapa biomass production observed in the C treatment,followed by the L+C,G+F,L,G,F,and L+G treatments,as compared with that in CK.These results indicate that the function of the TM-immobilizing agent as a soil quality conditioner,in addition to its TM immobilizing effect,should be considered when selecting such agents for agricultural or ecological applications. 相似文献
86.
以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P<0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P<0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。 相似文献
87.
为了解不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量,优选含量丰富的品种,为木薯的综合利用提供数据支撑,本文采用马弗炉法、原子吸收和原子荧光法分别对113份木薯种质资源灰分与矿物质元素含量进行测定,结果表明:矿物质元素Cr、Cu、Se含量均低于1 mg/kg(干重),Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn含量分别为66.39~1609.81 mg/kg、4.35~ 38.93 mg/kg、1954.56~8762.78 mg/kg、149.04~1143.73 mg/kg、4.48~37.40 mg/kg、36.80~530.40 mg/kg、6.35~24.83 mg/kg。利用概率分级法将113份木薯种质资源灰分及矿物质元素含量分为5级,即极高、高、中、低和极低,并推荐极高品系作为基础亲本材料。在相关性分析中,灰分与Fe、Mg、Na、Zn含量具有较为显著的相关性,Ca含量与K、Mn含量呈极显著正相关,Ca含量与Mg、Na含量呈极显著负相关,Fe含量与Mg、Na、Zn含量成极显著正相关,K含量与Mn含量呈极显著正相关,与Na含量呈极显著负相关,Mg含量与Na、Zn含量呈极显著正相关,Zn含量与Mn、Na含量呈极显著正相关。Zn与各矿物质元素的吸收有较强的相互促进作用,Fe含量与Mg、Na含量有较强的相互促进作用,Ca含量与K、Mn的吸收有较强的促进作用,而Ca、K、Mn与Fe、Mg、Na的吸收可能存在一定的拮抗作用。结合主成分分析、聚类分析对不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量进行综合评价,得到特征值大于1的主成分2个,累计方差贡献率达61.707%。聚类分析可将113个木薯种质资源分为3类,根据矿物质元素含量差异可将不同木薯品种分为Na、Mg、Zn、Fe含量较高和Mn、Ca、K、Zn含量较高两大类,主成分综合评价中‘274'‘50'‘571'‘521'‘417'等木薯种质资源得分较高。 相似文献
88.
以威廉斯8818香蕉为试材,采用整株挖掘、分解取样的方法,研究其干物质的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积及分布特征。结果表明,香蕉植株果实膨大期总干物质量为5.4 kg/株,其中叶片占36.1%,假茎占34.3%,球茎占15.1%,果实占10.6%,根占2.9%,果轴占1.1%。每株累积吸收N 61.65 g、P 4.40 g、K49.65 g,N、P、K的吸收比例为1∶0.07∶0.81。此时期,N、P、K分配率规律为叶片假茎果实,果轴中则最低。叶片中N含量最高,其次为果实和果轴,假茎(叶鞘)最低。P以果实含量最高,叶片次之,球茎最低。K以果实含量最高,根次之,假茎(叶鞘)和球茎最低。叶片、假茎(叶鞘)、真茎(地上茎)和球茎中各矿质元素含量的大小顺序为NKP,而果实、果轴和根中则为KNP。 相似文献
89.
ZHANG Xu-bo WU Lian-hai SUN Nan DING Xue-shan LI Jian-wei WANG Bo-ren LI Dong-chu 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(3):604-614
Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment (from 1990) through of the maize (Zea mays L.) growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study: zero-fertilizer application (CK), nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium (NPK) fertilizer application only, pig manure (M), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and NPK with straw (NPKS). Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil (NR) and the others are in the soil within the row (R). Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N (300 kg ha-1 yr-1). Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order: NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order: NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe (0-20 cm) together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM (0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1) and M (0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1) treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China. 相似文献
90.